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Oxygen is a potent radiosensitizer, increasing the effectiveness of a given dose of radiation by forming DNA-damaging free radicals. Tumor cells in a hypoxic environment may be as much as 2 to 3 times more resistant to radiation damage than those in a normal oxygen environment. [ 5 ]
E. W. Kemble's "Death's Laboratory" on the cover of Collier's (June 3, 1905). A patent medicine, also known as a proprietary medicine or a nostrum (from the Latin nostrum remedium, or "our remedy") is a commercial product advertised to consumers as an over-the-counter medicine, generally for a variety of ailments, without regard to its actual effectiveness or the potential for harmful side ...
The CD V-700, as a true Geiger counter, is capable of measuring ambient background levels of gamma radiation and detecting the presence of beta radiation in the environment, and thus can be used to detect such common low-level radioactive artifacts as uranium-doped marbles, Fiestaware plates and radium watch faces.
The effective dose is used as a summation over radiation type and tissue using the tissue weighting factors, w γ [20] E = ∑ γ w γ H γ {\displaystyle E=\sum _{\gamma }w_{\gamma }H_{\gamma }} For a mission of duration t , the effective dose will be a function of time, E(t) , and the effective dose for mission i will be [ 20 ]
Racetams, such as piracetam, oxiracetam, phenylpiracetam, and aniracetam, are often marketed as cognitive enhancers and sold over the counter. [24] [25] A 2019 study found that piracetam supplements sold in the United States were inaccurately labeled. [25]
Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement. [4] [5] It is a medication used for treating hyperthyroidism, in radiation emergencies, and for protecting the thyroid gland when certain types of radiopharmaceuticals are used. [6]
The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) or oxygen enhancement effect in radiobiology refers to the enhancement of therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due to the presence of oxygen. This so-called oxygen effect [ 1 ] is most notable when cells are exposed to an ionizing radiation dose .
When the total dose of radiation is divided into several, smaller doses over a period of several days, there are fewer toxic effects on healthy cells. This maximizes the effect of radiation on cancer and minimizes the negative side effects. A typical fractionation scheme divides the dose into 30 units delivered every weekday over six weeks. [7] [8]