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In the human genome, which, according to January 2013 estimates, has about 20,848 protein coding genes [32] in total, there are 497 nuclear genes encoding cytoplasmic tRNA molecules, and 324 tRNA-derived pseudogenes—tRNA genes thought to be no longer functional [33] (although pseudo tRNAs have been shown to be involved in antibiotic ...
The following is a list of hormones found in Humans. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. For example, current North American and international usage uses [citation needed] estrogen and gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek digraph in oestrogen and favours the earlier spelling gonadotrophin.
Hypnogram showing sleep architecture from midnight to 6:30 am, with deep sleep early on. There is more REM (marked red) before waking. (Current hypnograms reflect the recent decision to combine NREM stages 3 and 4 into a single stage 3.) Understanding the activity of different parts of the brain during sleep can give a clue to the functions of ...
Sleep is an essential requirement for the body and brain and allows the closing down and resting of the body's systems. There are also findings that suggest that the daily build-up of toxins in the brain are removed during sleep. [96] Whilst awake the brain consumes a fifth of the body's total energy needs.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei (SCN) is a small region of the brain in the hypothalamus, situated directly above the optic chiasm. It is responsible for regulating sleep cycles in animals. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Reception of light inputs from photosensitive retinal ganglion cells allow it to coordinate the subordinate cellular clocks of the body ...
The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and maternal attachment behaviours, thirst, [4] fatigue, sleep, circadian rhythms, and is important in certain social behaviors, such as sexual and aggressive behaviors. [5] [6]
Brain at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (view tree for regions of the brain) BrainMaps.org; BrainInfo (University of Washington) "Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works". Johns Hopkins Medicine. 14 July 2021. "Brain Map". Queensland Health. 12 July 2022.
There are approximately 1,400 transcription factors in the human genome and they constitute about 6% of all human protein coding genes. [21] The power of transcription factors resides in their ability to activate and/or repress wide repertoires of downstream target genes.