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Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes gradually at standard temperature and pressure, [9] at a high rate, with the critical sublimation point at around 80 °C (176 °F). [10] At low temperature, its vapour pressure is high enough, 1 mmHg at 53 °C, [11] to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas. On cool surfaces, the naphthalene ...
In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter : solid , liquid , and gas , and in rare cases, plasma .
At pressures below 5.13 atm and temperatures below −56.4 °C (216.8 K; −69.5 °F) (the triple point), CO 2 changes from a solid to a gas with no intervening liquid form, through a process called sublimation. [a] The opposite process is called deposition, where CO 2 changes from the gas to solid phase (dry ice). At atmospheric pressure ...
A similar concept applies to liquid–gas phase changes. [7] Water is an exception which has a solid-liquid boundary with negative slope so that the melting point decreases with pressure. This occurs because ice (solid water) is less dense than liquid water, as shown by the fact that ice floats on water.
This is how frost and hoar frost form on the ground or other surfaces. Another example is when frost forms on a leaf. For deposition to occur, thermal energy must be removed from a gas. When the air becomes cold enough, water vapour in the air surrounding the leaf loses enough thermal energy to change into a solid.
Adsorption is the process by which a gas (or solution) phase molecule (the adsorbate) binds to solid (or liquid) surface atoms (the adsorbent). The reverse of adsorption is desorption, the adsorbate splitting from adsorbent. In a reaction facilitated by heterogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is the adsorbent and the reactants are the adsorbate.
For a liquid–gas transition, is the molar latent heat (or molar enthalpy) of vaporization; for a solid–gas transition, is the molar latent heat of sublimation. If the latent heat is known, then knowledge of one point on the coexistence curve , for instance (1 bar, 373 K) for water, determines the rest of the curve.
A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure equals the vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid). A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively. In this state, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears.