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The pons is also called the pons Varolii ("bridge of Varolius"), after the Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio (1543–75). [1] This region of the brainstem includes neural pathways and tracts that conduct signals from the brain down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus .
The prepontine cistern, or pontine cistern is one of the subarachnoid cisterns situated ventral to the pons. [1] It contains the basilar artery . [ 2 ] : 478 Each lateral aperture opens into the pontine cistern just posterior to the cranial nerve VIII .
The pontine tegmentum, or dorsal pons, is the dorsal part of the pons located within the brainstem. The ventral part or ventral pons is known as the basilar part of the pons, or basilar pons. Along with the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata, it forms part of the rhomboid fossa – the floor of the fourth ventricle.
The pons houses the respiratory pneumotaxic center and apneustic center that make up the pontine respiratory group in the respiratory center. The pons co-ordinates activities of the cerebellar hemispheres. [10] The pons and medulla oblongata are parts of the hindbrain that form much of the brainstem.
Diagram of a cross-section taken horizontally through the lower part of the pons of a human brainstem and stained with the Kluver-Barrera method. Due to the staining method, white matter (axons) appears blue and gray matter (cell bodies) appears light gray. Notes: Anterior is down, posterior is up.
Fourth ventricle location shown in red (E), pons (B); the floor of the ventricle is to the right, the roof to the left. The fourth ventricle has a roof at its upper (posterior) surface and a floor at its lower (anterior) surface, and side walls formed by the cerebellar peduncles (nerve bundles joining the structure on the posterior side of the ventricle to the structures on the anterior side).
The PPRF is situated in the pons just [3] ventralmedial to the abducens nucleus. [2] It is located anterior and lateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. [citation needed] It is continuous caudally with the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. [4]
The frontopontine fibers or frontopontine tract are corticopontine fibers projecting from the cortex of the frontal lobe to the pons. In the internal capsule, the fibers descend predominately in the anterior limb (but some also in the posterior limb), passing inferior to the thalamus to reach the mesencephalon (midbrain) where they descend in the medial portion of base of the cerebral peduncles.