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Naloxegol (INN; PEGylated naloxol; [4] trade names Movantik and Moventig) is a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist developed by AstraZeneca, licensed from Nektar Therapeutics, for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation. [5] It was approved in 2014 in adult patients with chronic, non-cancer pain. [6]
Methylnaltrexone (MNTX, brand name Relistor), used in form of methylnaltrexone bromide (INN, USAN, BAN), is a medication that acts as a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist that acts to reverse some of the side effects of opioid drugs such as constipation without significantly affecting pain relief or precipitating withdrawals.
Opioid drugs are known to cause opioid-induced constipation (OIC) by inhibiting gastric emptying and decreasing peristaltic waves leading to delayed absorption of medications and more water absorption from the feces. That can result in hard and dry stool and constipation for some patients. [2]
Partial agonists, like the anti-diarrhea drug loperamide and antagonists, like naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation, do not cross the blood–brain barrier, but can displace other opioids from binding to those receptors in the myenteric plexus. Because opioids are addictive and may result in fatal overdose, most are controlled substances.
Naldemedine, sold under the brand name Symproic in the US and Rizmoic in the European Union, is a medication that is used for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in adults who have previously been treated with a laxative in the European Union, or to treat opioid induced constipation in adults with chronic non-cancer pain in the US.
Side effects of laudanum are generally the same as with morphine, and include euphoria, dysphoria, pruritus, sedation, constipation, reduced tidal volume, respiratory depression, as well as psychological dependence, physical dependence, miosis, and xerostomia. Overdose can result in severe respiratory depression or collapse and death.
Opioid-induced hypogonadism, caused by negative effect of opioids on hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis is most often ( 21-86% of opioid users). [6] Hypogonadism is induced through direct inhibitory action of opioids on receptors within the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axes as well as testosterone production within the testes. [6]
Legal cannabis (marijuana) product. Overconsumption and reliance could lead to cannabis-induced amotivational syndrome. The term amotivational syndrome was first devised to understand and explain the diminished drive and desire to work or compete among the population of youth who are frequent consumers of cannabis and has since been researched through various methodological studies with this ...