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If two or more calls to {} use the same citation parameters, that is, if the author(s), year, and page number(s) are all identical, but there is some other difference, such as a use of pp= vs p=, or a use of ps= in one but not the other, this issue will arise.
While citations should aim to provide the information listed above, Wikipedia does not have a single house style, though citations within any given article should follow a consistent style. A number of citation styles exist, including those described in the Wikipedia articles for Citation , APA style , ASA style , MLA style , The Chicago Manual ...
The style and formatting of academic works, described within the manual, is commonly referred to as "Turabian style" or "Chicago style" (being based on that of The Chicago Manual of Style). The ninth edition of the manual, published in 2018, corresponds with the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style.
Articles may be more legible / accessible if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote avoiding clutter and the appearance of citation overkill. To concatenate multiple citations for the same content into a single footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below:
The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated as CMOS, TCM, or CMS, or sometimes as Chicago [1]) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.
Parenthetical referencing works well in combination with substantive notes. When the note system is used for source citations, two different systems of note marking and placement are needed—in Chicago Style, for instance, "the citation notes should be numbered and appear as endnotes.
A footnote number appears in the body of the article, and the full citation information for that footnote appears at the bottom of the article, in a section usually (but not always) called "References." Harvard-style footnotes. A footnote number in the body of the article links to a brief citation (author plus page number, or author plus date ...
This template is a "shorthand" template for creating a properly formatted reference citation to The Chicago Manual of Style 16th Ed. (current as of February 2012 [update] , without having to specify all the parameters of {{ Cite book }} .