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Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a neurodegenerative disease primarily of the central nervous system, affecting both motor and non-motor systems. Symptoms typically develop gradually, with non-motor issues becoming more prevalent as the disease progresses.
Parkinson's Disease causes constipation and gastric dysmotility that is severe enough to endanger comfort and even health. [26] A factor in this is the appearance of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites even before these affect the functioning of the substantia nigra in the neurons in the enteric nervous system that control gut functions. [27]
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. [1] [2] Both hypokinetic (bradykinesia and akinesia) as well as hyperkinetic (cogwheel rigidity and tremors at rest) features are displayed by Parkinsonism. [3]
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, affects 1% of people over 60 years of age. [1] [2] [3] In the past three decades, the number of PD cases has doubled globally from 2.5 million in 1990 to 6.1 million in 2016. [4] [5] As of 2022, there are ~10 million PD cases globally. [6]
A 2012 study suggests that players in the National Football League are three times more likely to die from neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, than the general US population. [43] A 2018 study found 56% increase in risk of Parkinson's disease among US military veterans suffered traumatic brain injury. [42]
Carbidopa/levodopa, also known as levocarb and co-careldopa, is the combination of the two medications carbidopa and levodopa. [6] It is primarily used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but it does not slow down the disease or stop it from getting worse. [6]
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