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Lentigo maligna is a histopathological variant of melanoma in situ. [6] Lentigo maligna is sometimes classified as a very early melanoma, [7] and sometimes as a precursor to melanoma. [8] When malignant melanocytes from a lentigo maligna have invaded below the epidermis, the condition is termed lentigo maligna melanoma. [2]
Lentigo maligna is the non-invasive skin growth that some pathologists consider to be a melanoma-in-situ. [3] A few pathologists do not consider lentigo maligna to be a melanoma at all, but a precursor to melanomas. Once a lentigo maligna becomes a lentigo maligna melanoma, it is treated as if it were an invasive melanoma.
Neither sentinel lymph node biopsy nor other diagnostic tests should be performed to evaluate early, thin melanoma, including melanoma in situ, T1a melanoma or T1b melanoma ≤ 0.5mm. [114] People with these conditions are unlikely to have the cancer spread to their lymph nodes or anywhere else and have a 5-year survival rate of 97%. [114]
In recognition of his contribution, the depth of invasion of melanoma is referred to by the eponym Breslow's depth. Subsequent studies confirmed and refined the role of depth of invasion in the prognosis of malignant melanoma. [2] [3] Currently, Breslow's depth is included in the AJCC staging guidelines for melanoma as a major prognostic factor.
Melanoma is a group of serious skin cancers that arise from pigment cells (melanocytes); acral lentiginous melanoma is a kind of lentiginous [8] skin melanoma. [6] ALM makes up less than 5% of all melanomas, but is considered the most common subtype in people with darker skin and is rare in people with lighter skin types. [ 9 ]
Clark's level is a staging system, which describes the level of anatomical invasion of the melanoma in the skin. It was developed by Wallace H. Clark Jr. at Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital in the 1960s.
Melanoma has one of the higher survival rates among cancers, with over 86% of people in the UK and more than 90% in the United States surviving more than 5 years. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, globally accounting for at least 40% of cancer cases.
Early mathematical modeling of cancer, by Armitage and Doll, set the stage for the future development of the somatic evolutionary theory of cancer. Armitage and Doll explained the cancer incidence data, as a function of age, as a process of the sequential accumulation of somatic mutations (or other rate limiting steps).