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Types of retinopathy caused by drug abuse include maculopathy, Saturday night retinopathy, and talc retinopathy. Common symptoms include temporary and permanent vision loss, blurred vision, and night blindness. Substances commonly associated with this condition include poppers, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, tobacco, and alcohol. [1]
The pharmacodynamics of cocaine involve the complex relationships of neurotransmitters (inhibiting monoamine uptake in rats with ratios of about: serotonin:dopamine = 2:3, serotonin:norepinephrine = 2:5). [110] [15] The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter protein.
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, also known as CART, is a neuropeptide protein that in humans is encoded by the CARTPT gene. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] CART appears to have roles in reward, feeding, and stress, [ 3 ] and it has the functional properties of an endogenous psychostimulant .
This will counteract the effect of any excitatory manipulation from other neurotransmitter/receptor interactions. [citation needed] This GABA A receptor contains many binding sites that allow conformational changes and are the primary target for drug development. The most common of these binding sites, benzodiazepine, allows for both agonist ...
6531 13162 Ensembl ENSG00000142319 ENSG00000276996 ENSMUSG00000021609 UniProt Q01959 Q61327 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001044 NM_010020 RefSeq (protein) NP_001035 NP_034150 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 1.39 – 1.45 Mb Chr 13: 73.68 – 73.73 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse The dopamine transporter (DAT, also sodium-dependent dopamine transporter) is a membrane-spanning protein coded ...
MDMA is part of the amphetamine family and elicits its positive effects by altering brain serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter levels. [2] [6] [13] [14] As the drug begins to take effect, the brain becomes flooded with serotonin which can then become depleted within 3–6 hours following consumption. [14]
SLC18A2 is essential for enabling the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminals of monoamine neurons into the synaptic cleft.If SLC18A2 function is inhibited or compromised, monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine cannot be released into the synapse via typical release mechanisms (i.e., exocytosis resulting from action potentials).
Cocaine is one of the more common stimulants and is a complex drug that interacts with various neurotransmitter systems. It commonly causes heightened alertness, increased confidence, feelings of exhilaration, reduced fatigue, and a generalized sense of well-being.