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  2. Mental chronometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_chronometry

    Sir Francis Galton is typically credited as the founder of differential psychology, which seeks to determine and explain the mental differences between individuals. He was the first to use rigorous RT tests with the express intention of determining averages and ranges of individual differences in mental and behavioral traits in humans.

  3. Rasch model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasch_model

    In the Rasch model, the probability of a specified response (e.g. right/wrong answer) is modeled as a function of person and item parameters. Specifically, in the original Rasch model, the probability of a correct response is modeled as a logistic function of the difference between the person and item parameter. The mathematical form of the ...

  4. Direct and indirect realism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism

    Direct realism, also known as naïve realism, argues we perceive the world directly. In the philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind, direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, are differing models that describe the nature of conscious experiences; [1] [2] out of the metaphysical question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself ...

  5. Rumination (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_(psychology)

    The response styles theory (RST) suggests this may be due, to some extent, to higher rates of rumination in women. Brooding can be operationalized as continuous, passive, negative internalized thoughts. It is highly connected to worsening depression. Reflection is neutral, rather than negative, more active observation of self.

  6. Cognitive response model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_response_model

    Research supporting the model shows that persuasion is powerfully affected by the amount of self-talk that occurs in response to a message. [4] The degree to which the self-talk supports the message and the confidence that recipients express in the validity of that self-talk further support the cognitive response model.

  7. Item response theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_response_theory

    The response of a person to an item can be modeled by a mathematical item response function (IRF). The trait is further assumed to be measurable on a scale (the mere existence of a test assumes this), typically set to a standard scale with a mean of 0.0 and a standard deviation of 1.0. Unidimensionality should be interpreted as homogeneity, a ...

  8. Self-reflection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reflection

    Self-reflection is the ability to witness and evaluate one's own cognitive, emotional, and behavioural processes. In psychology , other terms used for this self-observation include "reflective awareness" and "reflective consciousness", which originate from the work of William James .

  9. Reflective practice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_practice

    Reflective practice is the ability to reflect on one's actions so as to take a critical stance or attitude towards one's own practice and that of one's peers, engaging in a process of continuous adaptation and learning.