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  2. Jacobian matrix and determinant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Jacobian_matrix_and_determinant

    The Jacobian determinant is sometimes simply referred to as "the Jacobian". The Jacobian determinant at a given point gives important information about the behavior of f near that point. For instance, the continuously differentiable function f is invertible near a point p ∈ R n if the Jacobian determinant at p is non-zero.

  3. Cramer's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramer's_rule

    The proof for Cramer's rule uses the following properties of the determinants: linearity with respect to any given column and the fact that the determinant is zero whenever two columns are equal, which is implied by the property that the sign of the determinant flips if you switch two columns.

  4. Determinant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant

    In mathematics, the determinant is a scalar-valued function of the entries of a square matrix.The determinant of a matrix A is commonly denoted det(A), det A, or | A |.Its value characterizes some properties of the matrix and the linear map represented, on a given basis, by the matrix.

  5. Fredholm determinant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm_determinant

    The section below provides an informal definition for the Fredholm determinant of when the trace-class operator is an integral operator given by a kernel (,). A proper definition requires a presentation showing that each of the manipulations are well-defined, convergent, and so on, for the given situation for which the Fredholm determinant is ...

  6. NCERT textbook controversies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCERT_textbook_controversies

    "Contemporary World History", a textbook for Class XII, has been found to contain several sections lifted from World Civilizations - Their History and Their Culture authored by Edward MacNall Burns, Philip Lee Ralph, Robert E. Lerner and Standish Meacham. The latter book, published by American publishers W.W. Norton & Company Inc, has a special ...

  7. Rationalization (sociology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)

    In sociology, the term rationalization was coined by Max Weber, a German sociologist, jurist, and economist. [1] Rationalization (or rationalisation) is the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with concepts based on rationality and reason. [2]

  8. Definite matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_matrix

    In mathematics, a symmetric matrix with real entries is positive-definite if the real number is positive for every nonzero real column vector , where is the row vector transpose of . [1] More generally, a Hermitian matrix (that is, a complex matrix equal to its conjugate transpose) is positive-definite if the real number is positive for every nonzero complex column vector , where denotes the ...

  9. English determiners - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_determiners

    The key difference between adjectives and determiners in English is that adjectives cannot function as determinatives. The determinative function is an element in NPs that is obligatory in most singular countable NPs and typically occurs before any modifiers (see § Functions).