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Lucy Calkins initially published her model, co-authored with others involved in the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project (TCRWP) at Columbia University in New York City, in her book A Guide to The Writing Workshop, Grades 3-5 (Portsmouth, NH: First Hand, 2006). Calkin was inspired by the early work of Donald Graves, Donald Murray, and ...
The TCRWP has published Units of Study in Writing for Grades K-8, Units of Study in Reading for Grades K-8, and Units of Study in Phonics for Grades K-1. The Units of Study curriculum guide books and "workshop" model centers on independent student work in combination with teacher modeling and one-on-one and small-group guidance.
In 1986, she published The Art of Teaching Writing before expanding her teaching philosophy to reading with the publication of The Art of Teaching Reading in 2001. Calkins created the reading and writing curriculum, Units of Study, which is used in thousands of U.S. schools.
Factual texts merely seek to inform, whereas literary texts seek to entertain or otherwise engage the reader by using creative language and imagery. There are many aspects to literary writing, and many ways to analyse it, but four basic categories are descriptive, narrative, expository, and argumentative.
The Jane Schaffer method is a formula for essay writing that is taught in some U.S. middle schools and high schools.Developed by a San Diego teacher named Jane Schaffer, who started offering training and a 45-day curriculum in 1995, it is intended to help students who struggle with structuring essays by providing a framework.
A rubric is an explicit set of criteria used for assessing a particular type of work or performance and provides more details than a single grade or mark. Rubrics, therefore, help teachers grade more objectively and "they improve students' ability to include required elements of an assignment". [9]
While young children display a wide distribution of reading skills, each level is tentatively associated with a school grade. Some schools adopt target reading levels for their pupils. This is the grade-level equivalence chart recommended by Fountas & Pinnell. [4] [5]
Expository writing is a type of writing where the purpose is to explain or inform the audience about a topic. [13] It is considered one of the four most common rhetorical modes. [14] The purpose of expository writing is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.