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Conway and Kochen, The Strong Free Will Theorem, published in Notices of the AMS. Volume 56, Number 2, February 2009. Rehmeyer, Julie (August 15, 2008). "Do Subatomic Particles Have Free Will?". Science News. Introduction to the Free Will Theorem, videos of six lectures given by J. H. Conway, Mar. 2009. Wüthrich, Christian (September 2011).
There are 4842 strong pseudoprimes base 2 and 2163 Carmichael numbers below this limit (see Table 1 of [5]). Starting at 17·257, the product of consecutive Fermat numbers is a base-2 pseudoprime, and so are all Fermat composites and Mersenne composites.
By postulating that all systems being measured are correlated with the choices of which measurements to make on them, the assumptions of the theorem are no longer fulfilled. A hidden variables theory which is superdeterministic can thus fulfill Bell's notion of local causality and still violate the inequalities derived from Bell's theorem. [1]
A prime number q is a strong prime if q + 1 and q − 1 both have some large (around 500 digits) prime factors. For a safe prime q = 2p + 1, the number q − 1 naturally has a large prime factor, namely p, and so a safe prime q meets part of the criteria for being a strong prime.
The problem of free will has been identified in ancient Greek philosophical literature. The notion of compatibilist free will has been attributed to both Aristotle (4th century BCE) and Epictetus (1st century CE): "it was the fact that nothing hindered us from doing or choosing something that made us have control over them".
A user will input a number and the Calculator will use an algorithm to search for and calculate closed-form expressions or suitable functions that have roots near this number. Hence, the calculator is of great importance for those working in numerical areas of experimental mathematics. The ISC contains 54 million mathematical constants.
Baillie and Wagstaff proved in Theorem 9 on page 1413 of [2] that the average number of Ds that must be tried is about 3.147755149. If n is a perfect square, then step 3 will never yield a D with ( D / n ) = −1; this is not a problem because perfect squares are easy to detect using Newton's method for square roots.
Input #1: b, the number of bits of the result Input #2: k, the number of rounds of testing to perform Output: a strong probable prime n while True: pick a random odd integer n in the range [2 b −1 , 2 b −1] if the Miller–Rabin test with inputs n and k returns “ probably prime ” then return n