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Fermat's little theorem and some proofs; Gödel's completeness theorem and its original proof; Mathematical induction and a proof; Proof that 0.999... equals 1; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Proof that e is irrational; Proof that π is irrational; Proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges
The resulting identity is one of the most commonly used in mathematics. Among many uses, it gives a simple proof of the AM–GM inequality in two variables. The proof holds in any commutative ring. Conversely, if this identity holds in a ring R for all pairs of elements a and b, then R is commutative. To see this, apply the distributive law to ...
An elementary proof is a proof which only uses basic techniques. More specifically, the term is used in number theory to refer to proofs that make no use of complex analysis . For some time it was thought that certain theorems, like the prime number theorem , could only be proved using "higher" mathematics.
In the flavor of Gauss's first (incomplete) proof of this theorem from 1799, the key is to show that for any sufficiently large negative value of b, all the roots of both R p(x) (a, b) and S p(x) (a, b) in the variable a are real-valued and alternating each other (interlacing property).
It was first conjectured in 1939 by Ott-Heinrich Keller, [1] and widely publicized by Shreeram Abhyankar, as an example of a difficult question in algebraic geometry that can be understood using little beyond a knowledge of calculus. The Jacobian conjecture is notorious for the large number of attempted proofs that turned out to contain subtle ...
In other words, the cardinality of the set of transcendentals (denoted ) is greater than that of the set of algebraic numbers (). [ 24 ] Bernhard Riemann , at the end of his famous 1859 paper " On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude ", stated (based on his results) that the logarithmic integral gives a somewhat too high estimate of ...