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The 4Kscore combines total, free and intact PSA together with human kallikrein 2. [46] It is used to try to determine the risk of a Gleason score greater than 6. [46] The Prostate Health Index (PHI) is a PSA-based blood test for early prostate cancer screening. It may be used to determine when a biopsy is needed.
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With this significant reduction in biopsy rate, the probability of delaying diagnosis of a high grade cancer is only 0.6% (and this small population of men would be followed with active surveillance).
In practice, testing measures are never perfectly consistent. Theories of test reliability have been developed to estimate the effects of inconsistency on the accuracy of measurement. The basic starting point for almost all theories of test reliability is the idea that test scores reflect the influence of two sorts of factors: [7] 1.
In statistics, intra-rater reliability is the degree of agreement among repeated administrations of a diagnostic test performed by a single rater. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability are aspects of test validity .
The name of this formula stems from the fact that is the twentieth formula discussed in Kuder and Richardson's seminal paper on test reliability. [1] It is a special case of Cronbach's α, computed for dichotomous scores. [2] [3] It is often claimed that a high KR-20 coefficient (e.g., > 0.90) indicates a homogeneous test. However, like ...
The Spearman–Brown prediction formula, also known as the Spearman–Brown prophecy formula, is a formula relating psychometric reliability to test length and used by psychometricians to predict the reliability of a test after changing the test length. [1] The method was published independently by Spearman (1910) and Brown (1910). [2] [3]
The item-reliability index (IRI) is defined as the product of the point-biserial item-total correlation and the item standard deviation. In classical test theory, the IRI indexes the degree to which an item contributes true score variance to the exam observed score variance. In practice, a negative IRI indicates the relative degree which an ...