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  2. Black box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box

    The modern meaning of the term "black box" seems to have entered the English language around 1945. In electronic circuit theory the process of network synthesis from transfer functions , which led to electronic circuits being regarded as "black boxes" characterized by their response to signals applied to their ports , can be traced to Wilhelm ...

  3. Blackboxing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboxing

    Investigating a malfunctioning black box would then mean checking each individual node of a system that once appearing as a singular whole. ”Instead of the simple inputs and outputs that some activity theorists have envisioned linking the component activity systems,” Spinuzzi writes, “those systems overlap, blur, and interact in ...

  4. Black-box testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-box_testing

    Black-box testing, sometimes referred to as specification-based testing, [1] is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without ...

  5. System identification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_identification

    A common approach is to start from measurements of the behavior of the system and the external influences (inputs to the system) and try to determine a mathematical relation between them without going into many details of what is actually happening inside the system; this approach is called black box system identification.

  6. Software testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing

    Software testing can often be divided into white-box and black-box. These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that the tester takes when designing test cases. A hybrid approach called grey-box that includes aspects of both boxes may also be applied to software testing methodology. [31] [32]

  7. Fuzzing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzing

    A black-box fuzzer [37] [33] treats the program as a black box and is unaware of internal program structure. For instance, a random testing tool that generates inputs at random is considered a blackbox fuzzer. Hence, a blackbox fuzzer can execute several hundred inputs per second, can be easily parallelized, and can scale to programs of ...

  8. The Black Box Society - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Box_Society

    In academic discourse, the usage of the term “black box” dates back to at least 1963 with Mario Bunge's work on a black box theory in mathematics. [18]The term “black box,” as used throughout The Black Box Society by author and law professor, Frank Pasquale, is a dual metaphor for a recording device such as a data-monitoring system and for a system whose inner workings are secret or ...

  9. Black box (disambiguation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_(disambiguation)

    A black box is a device, ... Black box approach to the function of states in international relations in theories such as realism and neorealism; BlackBox ...