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Original 4–13 W miniature fluorescent range from 1950s or earlier. [1] Two newer ranges, high-efficiency (HE) 14–35 W, and high-output (HO) 24–80 W, introduced in the 1990s. [2] Panasonic's range of FHL fluorescent tubes in 18W, 27W, and 36W varieties for the Japanese market. Circular fluorescent tubes.
Fluorescent lamp tubes are often straight and range in length from about 100 millimeters (3.9 in) for miniature lamps, to 2.43 meters (8.0 ft) for high-output lamps. Some lamps have a circular tube, used for table lamps or other places where a more compact light source is desired.
6 W COB filament LED lamp: 600 18 W fluorescent lamp: 1250 100 W incandescent lamp: 1750 40 W fluorescent lamp: 2800 35 W xenon bulb: 2200–3200 100 W fluorescent lamp: 8000 127 W low pressure sodium vapor lamp: 25,000 400 W metal-halide lamp: 40,000 Values are given for newly manufactured sources.
Circular and U-shaped lamps were devised to reduce the length of fluorescent light fixtures. The first fluorescent light bulb and fixture were displayed to the general public at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The spiral CFL was invented in 1976 by Edward E. Hammer, an engineer with General Electric, [7] in response to the 1973 oil crisis. [8]
Both types require an oxygen free environment inside the lamp. Fluorescent tanning lamps require an electrical ballast to limit the amount of current going through the lamp. While the resistance of an incandescent lamp filament inherently limits the current inside the lamp, tanning lamps do not and instead have negative resistance.
Mathematically, for the spectral power distribution of a radiant exitance or irradiance one may write: =where M(λ) is the spectral irradiance (or exitance) of the light (SI units: W/m 2 = kg·m −1 ·s −3); Φ is the radiant flux of the source (SI unit: watt, W); A is the area over which the radiant flux is integrated (SI unit: square meter, m 2); and λ is the wavelength (SI unit: meter, m).
In fact, the first British fluorescent lamps were designed to operate from 80-watt mercury-vapor ballasts. There are also self-ballasted mercury-vapor lamps available. These lamps use a tungsten filament in series with the arc tube both to act as a resistive ballast and add full spectrum light to that of the arc tube.
Sources that depend on thermal emission from a solid filament, such as incandescent light bulbs, tend to have low overall efficacy because, as explained by Donald L. Klipstein, "An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6300 °C (6600 K or 11,500 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the ...