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For example, an electron and a positron, each with a mass of 0.511 MeV/c 2, can annihilate to yield 1.022 MeV of energy. A proton has a mass of 0.938 GeV/c 2. In general, the masses of all hadrons are of the order of 1 GeV/c 2, which makes the GeV/c 2 a convenient unit of mass for particle physics: [4]
4.2×10 9 J: Energy released by explosion of 1 ton of TNT. 4.5×10 9 J: Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator [142] [143] 6.1×10 9 J: ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent) [144] 10 10 1.9×10 10 J: Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 511 knots or 263 m/s) 4.2×10 10 J: ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil ...
For each atom, the column marked 1 is the first ionization energy to ionize the neutral atom, the column marked 2 is the second ionization energy to remove a second electron from the +1 ion, the column marked 3 is the third ionization energy to remove a third electron from the +2 ion, and so on.
A unit of electrical energy, particularly for utility bills, is the kilowatt-hour (kWh); [3] one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 megajoules. Electricity usage is often given in units of kilowatt-hours per year or other periods. [4] This is a measurement of average power consumption, meaning the average rate at which energy is transferred ...
An FM radio station transmitting at 100 MHz emits photons with an energy of about 4.1357 × 10 −7 eV. This minuscule amount of energy is approximately 8 × 10 −13 times the electron's mass (via mass–energy equivalence). Very-high-energy gamma rays have photon energies of 100 GeV to over 1 PeV (10 11 to 10 15 electronvolts) or 16 nJ to 160 ...
: 5.2 eV) to lanthanum ( 57 La: 5.6 eV) does not show a downward change. Lutetium ( 71 Lu) and lawrencium ( 103 Lr) both have ionization energies lower than the previous elements. In both cases the last electron added starts a new subshell: 5d for Lu with electron configuration [Xe] 4f 14 5d 1 6s 2, and 7p for Lr with configuration [Rn] 5f 4 7s ...
1.5 × 10 3 W tech: legal limit of power output of an amateur radio station in the United States up to 2 × 10 3 W biomed: approximate short-time power output of sprinting professional cyclists and weightlifters doing snatch lifts 2.4 × 10 3 W geo: average power consumption per person worldwide in 2008 (21,283 kWh/year) 3.3–6.6 × 10 3 W
The plasma collisionality is defined as [4] [5] =, where denotes the electron-ion collision frequency, is the major radius of the plasma, is the inverse aspect-ratio, and is the safety factor. The plasma parameters m i {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {i} }} and T i {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {i} }} denote, respectively, the mass and temperature of the ...