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The terms proximal (from Latin proximus 'nearest') and distal (from Latin distare 'to stand away from') are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from the main mass of the body, respectively. [29] Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal.
dilation, distal, dilute, different, dissection: dia-through, during, across Greek διά (diá), through, during, across dialysis: digit-of or pertaining to the finger [rare as a root] Latin digitus, finger, toe digit: diplo-twofold Greek διπλόος (diplóos) diploid, diplosis -dipsia (condition of) thirst Greek δίψα (dípsa)
This molar is both posterior, as well as distal, to the premolars in front of it. Most of the principal terms can be combined using their corresponding combining forms (such as mesio-for mesial and disto-for distal). They provide names for directions (vectors) and axes; for example, the coronoapical axis is the long axis of a tooth.
In medical disciplines, all references to a location on or in the body are made based upon the standard anatomical position. A straight position is assumed when describing a proximo-distal axis (towards or away from a point of attachment). This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures.
By using precise anatomical terms, such as "proximal," "distal," "palmar," or "dorsal," this ambiguity is eliminated, ensuring clear communication. To standardize this system of terminology, Terminologia Anatomica was established as an international reference for anatomical terms.
Standard terms used throughout anatomy include anterior / posterior for the front and back of a structure, superior / inferior for above and below, medial / lateral for structures close to and away from the midline respectively, and proximal / distal for structures close to and far away from a set point.
Joints of the hand, X-ray Interphalangeal ligaments and phalanges. Right hand. Deep dissection. Posterior (dorsal) view. The PIP joint exhibits great lateral stability. Its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior diameter and its thick collateral ligaments are tight in all positions during flexion, contrary to those in the metacarpophalangeal joint.
[5] [6] A more technical definition is from the proximal segment to the point where the LAD forms an angle, as seen from a right anterior oblique view on angiography, which is often close to the origin of the second diagonal branch. [7] Distal: from middle segment to apex, [5] [6] or in some cases beyond. [7]