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The Polish alphabet (Polish: alfabet polski, abecadło) is the script of the Polish language, the basis for the Polish system of orthography. It is based on the Latin alphabet but includes certain letters (9) with diacritics : the acute accent – kreska : ć, ń, ó, ś, ź ; the overdot – kropka : ż ; the tail or ogonek – ą, ę ; and ...
The language is written using the Polish alphabet, which derives from the Latin alphabet, but includes some additional letters with diacritics. [ 1 ] : 6 The orthography is mostly phonetic, or rather phonemic—the written letters (or combinations of them) correspond in a consistent manner to the sounds, or rather the phonemes , of spoken Polish.
The traditional 32-letter Polish alphabet has nine additions (ą, ć, ę, ł, ń, ó, ś, ź, ż) to the letters of the basic 26-letter Latin alphabet, while removing three (x, q, v). Those three letters are at times included in an extended 35-letter alphabet. [17]
In the Polish language, ż is the final, 32nd letter of the alphabet. It typically represents the voiced retroflex fricative ( [ʐ] ), somewhat similar to the pronunciation of g in "mira g e"; however, in a word-final position or when followed by a voiceless obstruent, it is devoiced to the voiceless retroflex fricative ( [ʂ] ).
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Polish language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{}}, {{}}, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
In the Polish alphabet, ą comes after a, but never appears at the beginning of a word. Originally, ą used to represent a nasal a sound, but in modern times, its pronunciation has shifted to a nasal o sound. The letter does not have one determined pronunciation and instead, its pronunciation is dependent on the sounds it is followed by.
Ł or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish, Kashubian, Kurdish, Sorbian, Belarusian Latin, Ukrainian Latin, Wymysorys, Navajo, Dëne Sųłıné, Inupiaq, Zuni, Hupa, Sm'álgyax, Nisga'a, and Dogrib alphabets, several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language, and the ISO 11940 romanization of the Thai script.
Poles began writing in the 12th century using the Latin alphabet. [1] This alphabet, however, was ill-equipped to deal with Polish phonology, particularly the palatal consonants (now written as ś, ź, ć, dź), the retroflex group (now sz, ż, and cz) as well as the nasal vowels (now written as ą, ę).