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Many other thermodynamic processes will result in a change in volume. A polytropic process , in particular, causes changes to the system so that the quantity p V n {\displaystyle pV^{n}} is constant (where p {\displaystyle p} is pressure, V {\displaystyle V} is volume, and n {\displaystyle n} is the polytropic index, a constant).
Thermodynamic work is one of the principal kinds of process by which a thermodynamic system can interact with and transfer energy to its surroundings. This results in externally measurable macroscopic forces on the system's surroundings, which can cause mechanical work, to lift a weight, for example, [1] or cause changes in electromagnetic, [2] [3] [4] or gravitational [5] variables.
In continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, a control volume (CV) is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes. In an inertial frame of reference , it is a fictitious region of a given volume fixed in space or moving with constant flow velocity through which the continuuum (a ...
However, if the temperature is changed to 1160 °R, the specific volume of the super heated steam would have changed to 0.2765 in 3 /lb, which is a 59% overall change. Knowing the specific volumes of two or more substances allows one to find useful information for certain applications.
In general, the partial molar volume of a substance X in a mixture is the change in volume per mole of X added to the mixture. The partial molar volumes of the components of a mixture vary with the composition of the mixture, because the environment of the molecules in the mixture changes with the composition.
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of energy with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. The primary objective of chemical thermodynamics is determining the spontaneity of a given transformation.
In equilibrium thermodynamics the state variables do not include fluxes because in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium all fluxes have zero values by definition. Equilibrium thermodynamic processes may involve fluxes but these must have ceased by the time a thermodynamic process or operation is complete bringing a system to its eventual ...
Replacing work with a change in volume gives = Since the process is isochoric, dV = 0 , the previous equation now gives d U = d Q {\displaystyle dU=dQ} Using the definition of specific heat capacity at constant volume, c v = ( dQ / dT )/ m , where m is the mass of the gas, we get d Q = m c v d T {\displaystyle dQ=mc_{\mathrm {v} }\,dT}