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  2. Concentric spheres - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_spheres

    Animation depicting Eudoxus' model of retrograde planetary motion. The two innermost homocentric spheres of his model are represented as rings here, each turning with the same period but in opposite directions, moving the planet along a figure-eight, or hippopede. Eudoxus of Cnidus was the first astronomer to develop the concept of concentric ...

  3. Timeline of cosmological theories - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological...

    Eudoxus emphasised that this is a purely mathematical construct of the model in the sense that the spheres of each celestial body do not exist, it just shows the possible positions of the bodies. [23] His model was later refined and expanded by Callippus. Geocentric celestial spheres; Peter Apian's Cosmographia (Antwerp, 1539)

  4. Eudoxus of Cnidus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus

    Eudoxus, son of Aeschines, was born and died in Cnidus (also transliterated Knidos), a city on the southwest coast of Anatolia. [3] The years of Eudoxus' birth and death are not fully known but Diogenes Laërtius gave several biographical details, mentioned that Apollodorus said he reached his acme in the 103rd Olympiad (368– 365 BC), and claimed he died in his 53rd year.

  5. Celestial spheres - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_spheres

    In Greek antiquity the ideas of celestial spheres and rings first appeared in the cosmology of Anaximander in the early 6th century BC. [7] In his cosmology both the Sun and Moon are circular open vents in tubular rings of fire enclosed in tubes of condensed air; these rings constitute the rims of rotating chariot-like wheels pivoting on the Earth at their centre.

  6. Timeline of Solar System astronomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System...

    c. 360 BCE – Eudoxus of Cnidus proposes for first time a purely geometric-mathematical, geocentric model of the planetary movements, including that of the Sun and the Moon. [19] c. 350 BCE – Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses [20] and other observations.

  7. Callippus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callippus

    Callippus was born at Cyzicus, and studied under Eudoxus of Cnidus at the Academy of Plato. He also worked with Aristotle at the Lyceum, which means that he was active in Athens prior to Aristotle's death in 322 BC. He observed the movements of the planets and attempted to use Eudoxus' scheme of connected spheres to account for their movements.

  8. Celestial sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_sphere

    Eudoxus attempted to construct his model mathematically from a treatise known as On Speeds (Ancient Greek: Περί Ταχών) and asserted the shape of the hippopede or lemniscate was associated with planetary retrogression. Aristotle emphasized that the speed of the celestial orbs is unchanging, like the heavens, while Eudoxus emphasized ...

  9. Fixed stars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_stars

    Eudoxus, a student of Plato, was born around 400 BC. [4] A mathematician and an astronomer, he generated one of the earliest sphere-centric models of the planet systems, based on his background as a mathematician. Eudoxus's model was geocentric, with the Earth being a stationary sphere at the center of the system, surrounded by 27 rotating ...