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Ototoxicity is the property of being toxic to the ear (oto-), specifically the cochlea or auditory nerve and sometimes the vestibular system, for example, as a side effect of a drug. The effects of ototoxicity can be reversible and temporary, or irreversible and permanent. It has been recognized since the 19th century. [1]
The diagnosis of medicine-induced ototoxicity is challenging as it usually shows only mild symptoms in early stages. Thus, prospective ototoxicity monitoring would be required when patients are using ototoxic medications. [1] Fortunately, the majority of ototoxicity cases are reversible by stopping the medication concerned.
Signs and symptoms of mild cinchonism (which may occur from standard therapeutic doses of quinine) include flushed and sweaty skin, ringing of the ears (), blurred vision, impaired hearing, confusion, reversible high-frequency hearing loss, headache, abdominal pain, rashes, drug-induced lichenoid reaction (lichenoid photosensitivity), [1] vertigo, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Tinnitus is usually associated with hearing loss and decreased comprehension of speech in noisy environments. [2] It is common, affecting about 10–15% of people. Most tolerate it well, and it is a significant problem in only 1–2% of people. [5] It can trigger a fight-or-flight response, as the brain may perceive it as dangerous and important.
Salicylate poisoning, also known as aspirin poisoning, is the acute or chronic poisoning with a salicylate such as aspirin. [1] The classic symptoms are ringing in the ears, nausea, abdominal pain, and a fast breathing rate. [1]
Animal models indicate it could potentially reduce noise-induced and blast-induced hearing loss, possibly by protecting hair cells and mitigating inflammation. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] In vitro and animal studies also show minocycline may help decrease ototoxicity from certain drugs like gentamicin , [ 95 ] neomycin , [ 96 ] and cisplatin .
Based on the drugs that caused Pisa syndrome, it has been implicated that the syndrome may be due to a dopaminergic-cholinergic imbalance or a serotonergic or noradrenergic dysfunction. [ citation needed ] For the development of Pisa syndrome that cannot be alleviated by anticholinergic drugs, it has been considered that asymmetric brain ...
Drug intolerance or drug sensitivity refers to an inability to tolerate the adverse effects of a medication, generally at therapeutic or subtherapeutic doses. Conversely, a patient is said to be "tolerating" a drug when they can tolerate its adverse effects.