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Land equivalent ratio. The FAO defines land equivalent ratio (LER) as: [2] the ratio of the area under sole cropping to the area under intercropping needed to give equal amounts of yield at the same management level. It is the sum of the fractions of the intercropped yields divided by the sole-crop yields.
The process for subtracting fractions is, in essence, the same as that of adding them: find a common denominator, and change each fraction to an equivalent fraction with the chosen common denominator. The resulting fraction will have that denominator, and its numerator will be the result of subtracting the numerators of the original fractions.
In some cases, one may consider as equal two mathematical objects that are only equivalent for the properties and structure being considered. The word congruence (and the associated symbol ≅ {\displaystyle \cong } ) is frequently used for this kind of equality, and is defined as the quotient set of the isomorphism classes between the objects.
In Ancient Rome, long before the existence of the decimal system, computations were often made in fractions in the multiples of 1 / 100 . For example, Augustus levied a tax of 1 / 100 on goods sold at auction known as centesima rerum venalium. Computation with these fractions was equivalent to computing percentages.
The same construction can be generalized to the field of fractions of any integral domain. If X {\displaystyle X} consists of all the lines in, say, the Euclidean plane , and L ∼ M {\displaystyle L\sim M} means that L {\displaystyle L} and M {\displaystyle M} are parallel lines , then the set of lines that are parallel to each other form an ...
TES India is a free online teaching community where teachers can communicate, share and download worksheets, lesson plans and teaching activities. It launched in October 2012. It launched in October 2012.
Then and are equivalent: The functor : which maps the object of to the vector space and the matrices in to the corresponding linear maps is full, faithful and essentially surjective. One of the central themes of algebraic geometry is the duality of the category of affine schemes and the category of commutative rings .
For example, the conversion factor between a mass fraction of 1 ppb and a mole fraction of 1 ppb is about 4.7 for the greenhouse gas CFC-11 in air (Molar mass of CFC-11 / Mean molar mass of air = 137.368 / 28.97 = 4.74). For volume fraction, the suffix "V" or "v" is sometimes appended to the parts-per notation (e.g. ppmV, ppbv, pptv).