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Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia, is a flagellated parasitic protozoan microorganism of the genus Giardia that colonizes the small intestine, causing a diarrheal condition known as giardiasis. [1] [2] [3] The parasite attaches to the intestinal epithelium by a ventral disc (syn.
A duodenal biopsy may incidentally detect Giardia organisms, as in this H&E stained sample. [33] According to the CDC, the detection of antigens on the surface of organisms in stool specimens is the current test of choice for diagnosis of giardiasis and provides increased sensitivity over more common microscopy techniques. [34]
The symptoms of Giardia, which may begin to appear 2 days after infection, can include mild to violent diarrhoea, excess gas, stomach or abdominal cramps, upset stomach, and nausea. Resulting dehydration and nutritional loss may need immediate treatment.
In 2002, a journal article suggested its use in treatment of H. pylori infections in children. [ 3 ] Furazolidone has also been used for giardiasis (due to Giardia lamblia ), amoebiasis, and shigellosis, although it is not a first-line treatment.
Albendazole is a broad-spectrum antihelmintic and antiprotozoal agent of the benzimidazole type. [3] It is used for the treatment of a variety of intestinal parasite infections, including ascariasis, pinworm infection, hookworm infection, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, taeniasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, cutaneous larva migrans, giardiasis, and gnathostomiasis, among other diseases.
Melarsoprol (for treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei) Eflornithine (for sleeping sickness) Metronidazole (for vaginitis caused by Trichomonas) Tinidazole (for intestinal infections caused by Giardia lamblia) Miltefosine (for the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, currently undergoing investigation for ...
Giardia intestinalis is a human pathogen, which is transmitted by cyst-contaminated water. It causes epidemic diarrhea from contaminated water. One can tell one may be infected by the observation of cysts or trophozoites in stools and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test. To prevent contamination, avoid any possibly contaminated water ...
For example, antibiotics may be given for a week, followed by three weeks off antibiotics, followed by another week of treatment. Alternatively, the choice of antibiotic used can be cycled. [28] There is still limited data to guide the clinician in developing antibiotic strategies for SIBO. Therapy remains, for the most part, empiric.