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Beta-adrenergic agonists, or β-agonists, are non-hormonal growth promotants that help animals put on muscle instead of fat. The more scientifically accepted name for agents of this class is a repartitioning agent, not a growth promotor.
Ractopamine (/ r æ k ˈ t ɒ p ə m aɪ n,-m iː n /) is an animal feed additive used to promote leanness and increase food conversion efficiency in farmed animals in several countries, but banned in others. Pharmacologically, it is a phenol-based TAAR1 agonist and β adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates β 1 and β 2 adrenergic receptors.
Zilpaterol is a β 2 adrenergic agonist. [2] [3] Under its brand name, Zilmax, it is used to increase the size of cattle and the efficiency of feeding them. [4]Zilmax is produced by Intervet, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., [4] [5] and marketed as a "beef-improvement technology". [6]
Lubabegron is a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist/antagonist. [7] The antagonist activity of lubabegron at β1 and β2 receptors prevents the stimulation of the β-AR found in the heart (β1) and trachea/bronchi (β2) of humans and, in doing so, avoids the potential negative side effects associated with β1 and β2 receptor activation.
Clenbuterol is a growth-promoting drug in the β agonist class of compounds. It is not licensed for use in China, [21] the United States, [20] or the EU [22] for food-producing animals, but some countries have approved it for animals not used for food, and a few countries have approved it for therapeutic uses in food-producing animals.
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
beta-blockers and alpha-blockers. calcium-channel blockers. central agonists. peripheral adrenergic inhibitors. vasodilators. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. angiotensin receptor ...
In general, pure beta-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of beta blockers: beta-adrenoreceptor agonist ligands mimic the actions of both epinephrine- and norepinephrine- signaling, in the heart and lungs, and in smooth muscle tissue; epinephrine expresses the higher affinity.