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LIGO has been involved in all subsequent detections to date, with Virgo joining in August 2017. [2] Joint observation runs of LIGO and VIRGO, designated "O1, O2, etc." span many months, with months of maintenance and upgrades in-between designed to increase the instruments sensitivity and range.
GW170817 was a gravitational wave (GW) signal observed by the LIGO and Virgo detectors on 17 August 2017, originating from the shell elliptical galaxy NGC 4993, about 144 million light years away.
LIGO is the largest and most ambitious project ever funded by the NSF. [11] [12] In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne and Barry C. Barish "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves". [13] Observations are made in "runs".
This periods also marked the beginning of joint observing periods between the different detectors, which are crucial to confirm the validity of a signal, and sparked collaborations between the different teams. The second generation upgrades were made during the early 2010s, lasting from 2010 to 2014 for LIGO and 2011 to 2017 for Virgo.
The first direct observation of gravitational waves was made on 14 September 2015 and was announced by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations on 11 February 2016. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Previously, gravitational waves had been inferred only indirectly, via their effect on the timing of pulsars in binary star systems.
GW170814 was a gravitational wave signal from two merging black holes, detected by the LIGO and Virgo observatories on 14 August 2017. [1] On 27 September 2017, the LIGO and Virgo collaborations announced the observation of the signal, the fourth confirmed event after GW150914, GW151226 and GW170104. It was the first binary black hole merger ...
Time–frequency representations (Chatterji et al. 2004) of data containing GW190814, observed by LIGO Hanford (top), LIGO Livingston (middle), and Virgo (bottom). Times are shown relative to 2019 August 14, 21:10:39 UTC. Each detector's data are whitened by their respective noise amplitude spectral density and a Q-transform is calculated.
The Virgo Collaboration is part of the larger LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) Collaboration, which gathers scientists from the other major gravitational-waves experiments to jointly analyse the data; this is crucial for gravitational-wave detection. [10] [11] LVK began in 2007 [5] as the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration, and was expanded when KAGRA joined in 2019.