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From the empire's inception, the Seljuk rulers minted coins with the title šāhānšāh ('King of Kings') in its Persian form, [166] perhaps adopting it from the Buyids. [159] Later on, the rulers more prominently used the Arabic title sulṭān and royal styles such as the Arabic malik and Persian šāh were bestowed on vassals. [166]
The Croeseid was later continued to be minted and spread in a wide geographical area by Cyrus the Great (Old Persian: 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš), the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, who defeated King Croesus and conquered Lydia with the Battle of Thymbra in 547 BC.
To the east, the Persians' political and military power had been growing at a rapid pace under the Achaemenid dynasty, and by 540 BC, Cyrus had initiated an offensive campaign against the Neo-Babylonian Empire. In late 539 BC, the Persian army secured a crucial victory in the Battle of Opis, thereafter triumphantly entering the city of Babylon.
Alexander III of Macedon defeats the armies of the Achaemenid Empire in the Battle of the Persian Gate: 330 BC: July: Darius III, the last Achaemenid emperor is killed, bringing an end to the Achaemenid empire. 330 BC: Persepolis, the capital of the Persian Achaemenid Empire is destroyed by Alexander III of Macedon. 323 BC: 10/11 June
Cambyses I of Anshan or Cambyses (II), his son, king of Anshan c. 585 – 559 BCE [4] Cyrus II the Great or Cyrus (III), his son, king of Anshan 559–529. He conquered the Median Empire in 550 and established the Persian Empire. Line of Ariaramnes; Ariaramnes of Persia, son of Teispes (II), king of Persia. His reign is doubtful.
The Sasanian monarchs were the rulers of Iran after their victory against their former suzerain, the Parthian Empire, at the Battle of Hormozdgan in 224. At its height, the Sasanian Empire spanned from Turkey and Rhodes in the west to Pakistan in the east, and also included territory in what is now the Caucasus, Yemen, UAE, Oman, Egypt, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Central Asia.
The Medo-Persian conflict was a military campaign led by the Median king Astyages against Persis in the mid 6th-century BCE. Classical sources claim that Persis had been a vassal of the Median kingdom that revolted against Median rule, but this is not confirmed by contemporary evidence.
Xerxes I (/ ˈ z ɜː r k ˌ s iː z / ZURK-seez [2] [a] c. 518 – August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, [4] was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC.