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The concept of backward masking originated in psychoacoustics, referring to temporal masking of quiet sounds that occur moments before a louder sound.. In cognitive psychology, visual backward masking involves presenting one visual stimulus (a "mask" or "masking stimulus") immediately after a brief (usually 30 ms) "target" visual stimulus resulting in a failure to consciously perceive the ...
In visual backward masking (VBM) a briefly presented target is followed by a mask, which decreases performance on the target. [40] VBM is a powerful experiment for schizophrenia research. [ 41 ] It allows for control over timing at millisecond level, there are well-supported theories of the underlying mechanisms, and it can be easily studied ...
Stanford University psychology professor Brian Wandell postulates that the observance of backward messages is a mistake arising from this pattern recognition facility, and argues that subliminal persuasion theories are "bizarre" and "implausible." [35] Rumors of backmasking in popular music have been described as auditory pareidolia. [99]
As the time difference between the target and the mask increases, the masking effect decreases. This is because the integration time of a target stimulus has an upper limit 200 ms, based on physiological experiments [3] [4] [5] and as the separation approaches this limit, the mask is able to produce less of an effect on the target, as the target has had more time to form a full neural ...
Masking can also happen to a signal before a masker starts or after a masker stops. For example, a single sudden loud clap sound can make sounds inaudible that immediately precede or follow. The effects of backward masking is weaker than forward masking. The masking effect has been widely studied in psychoacoustical research.
Auditory backward recognition masking is one of the most successful tasks in studying audition. It involves presenting participants with a brief target stimulus, followed by a second stimulus (the mask) after an interstimulus interval. [ 10 ]
In infancy, behavioral AM detection thresholds [139] and forward or backward masking thresholds [139] [140] [141] observed in 3-month olds are similar to those observed in adults. Electrophysiological studies conducted in 1-month-old infants using 2000 Hz AM pure tones indicate some immaturity in envelope following response (EFR).
Anthony Marcel is a British psychologist who contributed to the early debate on the nature of unconscious perceptual processes in the 1970s and 1980s. Marcel argued in favour of an unconscious mind that "…automatically re-describe(s) sensory data into every representational form and to the highest levels of description available to the organism. [1] ”