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Macrocephaly is a condition in which circumference of the human head is abnormally large. [1] It may be pathological or harmless, and can be a familial genetic characteristic. . People diagnosed with macrocephaly will receive further medical tests to determine whether the syndrome is accompanied by particular disorde
Elderly adults with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) may have poor balance, difficulty controlling urination, or mental impairment. [4] In babies, there may be a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include vomiting, sleepiness, seizures, and downward pointing of the eyes. [1]
Grade III - ventricles are enlarged by the accumulated blood; Grade IV - bleeding extends into the brain tissue around the ventricles; Grades I and II are most common, and often there are no further complications. Grades III and IV are the most serious and may result in long-term brain injury to the infant.
Increased volume of the ventricles will result in higher pressure within the ventricles, and cause higher pressure in the cortex from it being pushed into the skull. A person may have aqueductal stenosis for years without any symptoms, and a head trauma, hemorrhage, or infection could suddenly invoke those symptoms and worsen the blockage. [4]
Classical lissencephaly, also known as type I or generalized agyria-pachygyria, is a severe brain malformation of a smooth cerebral surface, abnormally thick (10–20 mm) cortex with four layers, widespread neuronal heterotopia, enlarged ventricles, and agenesis or malformation of the corpus callosum.
Colpocephaly is characterized by disproportionately large occipital horns of the lateral ventricles (also frontal and temporal ventricles in some cases). MRI and CT scans of patients demonstrate abnormally thick gray matter with thin poorly myelinated white matter .
The ventricles are responsible for containing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid throughout the brain. Ventriculitis is caused by infection of the ventricles, leading to swelling and inflammation. This is especially prevalent in patients with external ventricular drains and intraventricular stents . [ 1 ]
With a median age upon diagnosis of 3.5 years, this lesion is often a disease of infancy. They often reside supratentorial in the lateral ventricles of infants (most commonly in the atrium). [4] The fourth ventricle in adults is the optimum location. [5] Adults rarely have it at the cerebellopontine angle. [4]