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Deep-sea fish are fish that live in the darkness below the sunlit surface waters, that is below the epipelagic or photic zone of the sea. The lanternfish is, by far, the most common deep-sea fish. Other deep-sea fishes include the flashlight fish , cookiecutter shark , bristlemouths , anglerfish , viperfish , and some species of eelpout .
Pressure is the greatest environmental factor acting on deep-sea organisms. In the deep sea, although most of the deep sea is under pressures between 200 and 600 atm, the range of pressure is from 20 to 1,000 atm. Pressure exhibits a great role in the distribution of deep sea organisms.
Thus a very high gas pressure of oxygen can be obtained, which can even account for the presence of gas in the swim bladders of deep sea fish like the eel, requiring a pressure of hundreds of bars. [5] Elsewhere, at a similar structure known as the 'oval window', the bladder is in contact with blood and the oxygen can diffuse back out again.
To combat the intense pressure of the abyssal zone, this octopus species lost its ink sac during evolution. They also use their strand-like structured suction cups to help detect predators, food, and other aspects of their environment. Cusk eel (genus Bassozetus): there are no known fish that live at depths greater than the cusk eel. The depth ...
The bathypelagic zone contains sharks, squid, octopuses, and many species of fish, including deep-water anglerfish, gulper eel, amphipods, and dragonfish. The fish are characterized by weak muscles, soft skin, and slimy bodies. The adaptations of some of the fish that live there include small eyes and transparent skin.
Their small size is an adaptation that allows them to navigate the narrow crevices and rocky terrain of the deep-sea environment. (Froese and Pauly, 2023) Also, they are found to possess multiple adaptations to survive deep-sea intense pressure, including the pressure-tolerant cartilage, loss of eyesight, and loss of color. [15]
The texture of Psychrolutes microporos 's body is gelatinous, a feature often found in deep sea fish. Little is known of its behaviour because of the difficulty of observing it in its natural habitat. [7] It is thought to be an ambush predator, consuming anything edible that comes within its reach. [5]
Sonar data. The green layer in the water column is the deep scattering layer of diel vertically migrating mesopelagic zooplankton and fish. Illustration by Charles Frederick Holder of various bioluminescent fish that live in the mesopelagic zone. Although some light penetrates the mesopelagic zone, it is insufficient for photosynthesis.