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Laser radiation safety is the safe design, use and implementation of lasers to minimize the risk of laser accidents, especially those involving eye injuries. Since even relatively small amounts of laser light can lead to permanent eye injuries, the sale and usage of lasers is typically subject to government regulations.
The hafnium controversy was a debate over the possibility of "triggering" rapid energy releases, via gamma-ray emission, from 178m2 Hf, a nuclear isomer of hafnium.The energy release per event is 5 orders of magnitude (100,000 times) higher than in a typical chemical reaction, but 2 orders of magnitude less than a nuclear fission reaction.
Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology; Endovenous laser treatment; Energy transfer upconversion; Enriched uranium; Er:glass laser; European x-ray free electron laser; Evolutionary Air and Space Global Laser Engagement; Excimer laser; Extensometer; Extinction cross; Extinction ratio; Extreme Light Infrastructure; Extreme ultraviolet ...
To give another example, of a more powerful laser—the type that might be used in an outdoor laser show: a 6-watt green (532 nm) laser with a 1.1 milliradian beam divergence is an eye hazard to about 1,600 feet (490 meters), can cause flash blindness to about 8,200 feet (1.5 mi/2.5 km), causes veiling glare to about 36,800 feet (7 mi; 11 km ...
In high-power CPA-laser systems with a peak power of several terawatt or petawatt, e.g. the POLARIS laser system, the ASE limits the temporal intensity contrast. After the compression of the laser pulse, which is temporally stretched during the amplification, the ASE causes a quasi-continuous pedestal which is partly located at times before the ...
where is the electron charge, is the linearly polarised electric field amplitude, is the laser carrier frequency and is the electron mass. In terms of the laser intensity I {\displaystyle I} , using I = c ϵ 0 E 2 / 2 {\displaystyle I=c\epsilon _{0}E^{2}/2} , it reads less simply:
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) or laser-stimulated fluorescence (LSF) [1] is a spectroscopic method in which an atom or molecule is excited to a higher energy level by the absorption of laser light followed by spontaneous emission of light. [2] [3] It was first reported by Zare and coworkers in 1968. [4] [5]
In contrast to epifluorescence microscopy only a thin slice (usually a few hundred nanometers to a few micrometers) of the sample is illuminated perpendicularly to the direction of observation. For illumination, a laser light-sheet is used, i.e. a laser beam which is focused only in one direction (e.g. using a cylindrical lens). A second method ...