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Central pattern generators (CPGs) are self-organizing biological neural circuits [1] [2] that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input. [3] [4] [5] They are the source of the tightly-coupled patterns of neural activity that drive rhythmic and stereotyped motor behaviors like walking, swimming, breathing, or chewing.
Some examples are: [citation needed] Basket cells, interneurons that form a dense plexus of terminals around the soma of target cells, found in the cortex and cerebellum; Betz cells, large motor neurons in primary motor cortex; Lugaro cells, interneurons of the cerebellum; Medium spiny neurons, most neurons in the corpus striatum
An example of a neural circuit is the trisynaptic circuit in the hippocampus. Another is the Papez circuit linking the hypothalamus to the limbic lobe. There are several neural circuits in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. These circuits carry information between the cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and back to the cortex.
Neural coding (or neural representation) is a neuroscience field concerned with characterising the hypothetical relationship between the stimulus and the neuronal responses, and the relationship among the electrical activities of the neurons in the ensemble.
Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology, physiological psychology and affective neuroscience. [4] [2] [3] Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neurobiology, and computational ...
Examples are the generation of rhythmic activity such as a heartbeat and the neural binding of sensory features in perception, such as the shape and color of an object. Neural oscillations also play an important role in many neurological disorders , such as excessive synchronization during seizure activity in epilepsy , or tremor in patients ...
The commissioner of the New York Police Department said there are "no specific credible threats" to the New Year's Eve celebration in Times Square.
For example, a mirror neuron which fires when the monkey rips a piece of paper would also fire when the monkey sees a person rip paper, or hears paper ripping (without visual cues). These properties have led researchers to believe that mirror neurons encode abstract concepts of actions like 'ripping paper', whether the action is performed by ...