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The exocrine pancreas is one of two compartments that include digestive-acting acinar cells and duct cells.They represent an extension of the intercalated duct into each pancreatic acinus. [1] These cells are commonly known as duct cells, and secrete an aqueous bicarbonate solution under stimulation by the hormone secretin. They also secrete ...
Acinar exocrine glands are found in many organs, including: the stomach [1] the sebaceous gland of the scalp; the salivary glands of the tongue [2] the liver; the lacrimal glands; the mammary glands; the pancreas [3] the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
The kidneys secrete a variety of hormones, including erythropoietin, calcitriol, and renin. Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia (low levels of oxygen at tissue level) in the renal circulation. It stimulates erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in the bone marrow.
Merocrine – the cells of the gland excrete their substances by exocytosis into a duct; for example, pancreatic acinar cells, eccrine sweat glands [dubious – discuss], salivary glands, goblet cells, intestinal glands, tear glands, etc. Apocrine – the apical portion of the cytoplasm in the cell membrane, which contains the excretion, buds off.
The epithelium is composed primarily of principal cells and α-intercalated cells. [7] The simple columnar epithelium of the collecting duct system transitions into urothelium near the junction of a papillary duct and a minor calyx. [6] These cells work in tandem to reabsorb water, sodium, and urea and secrete acid and potassium.
PaSCs are located within the peri-acinar spaces of the pancreas and extrude long cytoplasmic processes that surround the base of the acinus. [1] PaSCs compose 4% of the total cell mass in the gland [3] Stellate cells derive their name from their star shape and are located in other organs such as the kidney and lungs. [1]
The intercalated B cell responds very similarly, however, the membrane proteins are flipped from the intercalated A cells: the proton pumps are on the basal side and the HCO 3 /Cl exchanger and K/Cl co-transporter are on the luminal side. They function the same, but now release protons into the blood to decrease the pH.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (also known as the juxtaglomerular complex) is a structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron, the functional units of the kidney. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named because it is next to (juxta-[1]) the glomerulus. The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of three types of cells: