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Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy. It often occurs to defective mitochondria following damage or stress. The process of mitophagy was first described in 1915 by Margaret Reed Lewis and Warren Harmon Lewis. [1] Ashford and Porter used electron microscopy to observe mitochondrial fragments in liver lysosomes by ...
When BAD is phosphorylated by Akt/protein kinase B (triggered by PIP 3), it forms the BAD- protein heterodimer. This leaves Bcl-2 free to inhibit Bax-triggered apoptosis. [9] BAD phosphorylation is thus anti-apoptotic, and BAD dephosphorylation (e.g., by Ca 2+-stimulated Calcineurin) is pro-apoptotic. The latter may be involved in neural ...
Medical genetics. Mitochondrial disease is a group of disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are the organelles that generate energy for the cell and are found in every cell of the human body except red blood cells. They convert the energy of food molecules into the ATP that powers most cell functions.
A mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. [2]
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O 2 H), superoxide (O 2-), [1] hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen. [2] ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O 2, which is abundant.
Researchers from the Technical University of Munich report Crohn’s disease may be triggered by mitochondrial disruption causing changes to the gut microbiome, via a mouse model. As of 2019 ...
Mitochondrial myopathies are types of myopathies associated with mitochondrial disease. [1] Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the chemical used to provide energy for the cell, cannot be produced sufficiently by oxidative phosphorylation when the mitochondrion is either damaged or missing necessary enzymes or transport proteins.
MELAS syndrome. MELAS (M itochondrial E ncephalopathy, L actic A cidosis, and S troke -like episodes) is one of the family of mitochondrial diseases, which also include MIDD (maternally inherited diabetes and deafness), MERRF syndrome, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. It was first characterized under this name in 1984. [2]