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But the treaty of annexation came up for approval under the administration of Grover Cleveland, a Democrat, anti-expansionist, and friend of the deposed Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii. Cleveland retracted the treaty on March 4, 1893, and launched an investigation headed by James Henderson Blount ; its report is known as the Blount Report .
The Hawaiian Kingdom was overthrown in a coup d'état against Queen Liliʻuokalani that took place on January 17, 1893, on the island of Oahu.The coup was led by the Committee of Safety, composed of seven foreign residents (five Americans, one Scotsman, and one German [6]) and six Hawaiian Kingdom subjects of American descent in Honolulu.
The Committee of Safety, formally the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety, was a 13-member group of the Annexation Club. The group was composed of mostly Hawaiian subjects of American descent and American citizens who were members of the Missionary Party , as well as some foreign residents in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi .
The annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory was finalized by August 12, 1898, and marked the end of the island nation's independence. Hawaii would not become an official U.S. state until 1959.
In 1898, the United States Congress annexed Hawaiʻi based on a Joint Resolution of Annexation (Joint Resolution). [1] Questions about the legitimacy of the U.S. acquiring Hawaii through a joint resolution, rather than a treaty, were actively debated in Congress in 1898, and is the subject of ongoing debate. [2]
The report is formally titled "Affairs in Hawaii," and was conducted by U.S. Commissioner James H. Blount. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Blount was appointed by U.S. President Grover Cleveland to investigate the events surrounding the January 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii .
Until annexation in 1898, Hawaii was an independent sovereign state, recognized by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Germany with exchange of ambassadors. However, there were several challenges to the reigning governments of the Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii during the 8 + 1 ⁄ 2-year (1887–1895) period.
A single parent, her mother plotted her escape to Hawaii from Japan and Hirono’s alcoholic, abusive father, and didn’t make traditional demands of her daughter, Hirono said.