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The word epistemology comes from the ancient Greek terms ἐπιστήμη (episteme, meaning knowledge or understanding) and λόγος (logos, meaning study of or reason), literally, the study of knowledge. Despite its ancient roots, the word itself was only coined in the 19th century to designate this field as a distinct branch of philosophy.
For Foucault, an épistémè is the guiding unconsciousness of subjectivity within a given epoch – subjective parameters which form an historical a priori. [5]: xxii He uses the term épistémè (French pronunciation:) in his The Order of Things, in a specialized sense to mean the historical, non-temporal, a priori knowledge that grounds truth and discourses, thus representing the condition ...
Computational epistemology; Historical epistemology – study of the historical conditions of, and changes in, different kinds of knowledge; Meta-epistemology – metaphilosophical study of the subject, matter, methods and aims of epistemology and of approaches to understanding and structuring knowledge of knowledge itself
The etymology of the word ontology traces back to the ancient Greek terms ὄντως (ontos, meaning ' being ') and λογία (logia, meaning ' study of '), literally, ' the study of being '. The ancient Greeks did not use the term ontology, which was coined by philosophers in the 17th century. [12]
This definition has been adopted in some argumentation theory. [71] [72] Paul Silva's "awareness first" epistemology posits that the common core of knowledge is awareness, providing a definition that accounts for both beliefless knowledge and knowledge grounded in belief. [5] [73]
It is one of several competing views within epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism. Empiricists argue that empiricism is a more reliable method of finding the truth than purely using logical reasoning , because humans have cognitive biases and limitations which lead to errors of judgement. [ 2 ]
For example, considering the proposition "all bachelors are unmarried:" its negation (i.e. the proposition that some bachelors are married) is incoherent due to the concept of being unmarried (or the meaning of the word "unmarried") being tied to part of the concept of being a bachelor (or part of the definition of the word "bachelor").
Social epistemology also examines the social justification of belief. [1] One of the enduring difficulties with defining "social epistemology" that arises is the attempt to determine what the word "knowledge" means in this context.