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From Preston et al.: [1] Solid cancer dose-response function average over gender for attained age 70 after exposure at age 30. The solid straight-line is the linear slope estimate; the points are dose -category-specific ERR estimates; the dashed curve is a smoothed estimate that is derived from the points; and the dotted curves indicate upper ...
Annex A - Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident after the 2011 great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami; UNSCEAR 2013 Report Volume II - The UNSCEAR 2013 Report Volume II comprises scientific annex B: Effects of radiation exposure of children. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes
In very high dose radiation therapy, it was known at the time that radiation can cause a physiological increase in the rate of pregnancy anomalies; however, human exposure data and animal testing suggests that the "malformation of organs appears to be a deterministic effect with a threshold dose", below which no rate increase is observed. [19]
This was based on radiation exposure information on 93% of the population living within five miles of the nuclear plant - nearly 36,000 people, gathered in door-to-door surveys shortly after the accident. [25] The study found slight increases in cancer and mortality rates but "no consistent evidence" of causation by TMI. [24]
Specific energy absorption rate (SAR) averaged over the whole body or over parts of the body, is defined as the rate at which energy is absorbed per unit mass of body tissue and is expressed in watts per kilogram (W/kg). Whole body SAR is a widely accepted measure for relating adverse thermal effects to RF exposure. [9]
The collective effective dose, dose quantity S, is calculated as the sum of all individual effective doses over the time period or during the operation being considered due to ionizing radiation. [ 1 ] : paragraph 159 It can be used to estimate the total health effects of a process or accidental release involving ionizing radiation to an ...
Animal behavior studies indicate that high-HZE radiation has a high RBE, but the data are not consistent. Other uncertainties include: age at exposure, radiation quality, and dose-rate effects, as well as issues regarding genetic susceptibility to CNS risk from space radiation exposure. More research is required before CNS risk can be estimated.
The ICRP 2007 standard values for relative effectiveness are given below. The higher radiation weighting factor for a type of radiation, the more damaging it is, and this is incorporated into the calculation to convert from gray to sievert units. The radiation weighting factor for neutrons has been revised over time and remains controversial.