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Murray Gell-Mann tells his life story at Web of Stories [permanent dead link ] Johnson, George (October 1999). Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th Century Physics (1st ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-43764-2. The Making of a Physicist: A Talk With Murray Gell-Mann Archived May 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
The model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann, [1] who dubbed them "quarks" in a concise paper, and George Zweig, [2] [3] who suggested "aces" in a longer manuscript. André Petermann also touched upon the central ideas from 1963 to 1965, without as much quantitative substantiation.
However, one of the particles of this decuplet had never been previously observed when the eightfold way was proposed. Gell-Mann called this particle the Ω − and predicted in 1962 that it would have a strangeness −3, electric charge −1 and a mass near 1680 MeV/c 2.
The physical basis behind both isospin and strangeness was only explained in 1964, when Gell-Mann [9] and George Zweig [10] [11] independently proposed the quark model, which at that time consisted only of the up, down, and strange quarks. [12] Up and down quarks were the carriers of isospin, while the strange quark carried strangeness.
In 1961, Murray Gell-Mann introduced the Eightfold Way as a pattern to group baryons and mesons. [11] In 1964, Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently proposed that all hadrons are composed of elementary constituents, which Gell-Mann called "quarks". [12] Initially, only the up quark, the down quark, and the strange quark were proposed. [13]
In 1964, Murray Gell-Mann, and separately George Zweig, proposed that baryons, which include protons and neutrons, and mesons were composed of elementary particles. Zweig called the elementary particles "aces" while Gell-Mann called them "quarks"; the theory came to be called the quark model . [ 5 ]
When the quark model was first postulated by Murray Gell-Mann and others in the 1960s, it was to organize the states known then to be in existence in a meaningful way. As quantum chromodynamics (QCD) developed over the next decade, it became apparent that there was no reason why only three-quark and quark-antiquark combinations could exist.
The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann [24] and George Zweig [25] [26] in 1964. [5] The proposal came shortly after Gell-Mann's 1961 formulation of a particle classification system known as the Eightfold Way – or, in more technical terms, SU(3) flavor symmetry, streamlining its structure. [27]