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The treatment of hyponatremia depends on the underlying cause. [12] How quickly treatment is required depends on a person's symptoms. [12] Fluids are typically the cornerstone of initial management. [12] In those with severe disease an increase in sodium of about 5 mmol/L over one to four hours is recommended. [12]
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term "hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used.[2]When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
Hypernatremia (high blood sodium level, above 145 mEq/L) causes thirst, and due to brain cell shrinkage may cause confusion, muscle twitching, or spasms. With severe elevation, seizures and comas may occur. [11] [12] Death can be caused by ingestion of large amounts of salt at a time (about 1 g per kg of body weight). [13]
These electrolytes must be replaced to keep the electrolyte concentrations of the body fluids constant. Hyponatremia, or low sodium, is the most commonly seen type of electrolyte imbalance. [12] [13] Treatment of electrolyte imbalance depends on the specific electrolyte involved and whether the levels are too high or too low. [3]
Sodium is also important in regulating the amount of water that passes through the blood–brain barrier. Decreased sodium blood levels result in increased permeability of water across the blood–brain barrier. [8] This increased influx of water causes brain swelling which leads to severe neurological symptoms. [8]
Unsuppressed ADH causes a physiologically inappropriate increase in solute-free water being reabsorbed by the tubules of the kidney to the venous circulation leading to hypotonic hyponatremia (a low plasma osmolality and low sodium levels). [2] The causes of SIADH are commonly grouped into categories including: central nervous system diseases ...