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Four Confidences" [1] (Chinese: 四个自信) is a political concept by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Xi Jinping. [1] [2] The concept includes "Confidence in Path, [a] Confidence in Theories, [b] Confidence in System, [c] and Confidence in Culture." [d] [3] [4] [5] In 2021, the concept was expanded to include the idea of ...
5th "China Economic Theory Innovation Award" (2012) Jiang Xiaojuan ( Chinese : 江小涓 ; born June 1956 in Xi'an ) is a Chinese economist and politician. She is a Professor and Dean of the School of Public Policy and Management of Tsinghua University , and a research professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS).
The theory stipulated that China was in the primary stage of socialism due to its relatively low level of material wealth and needed to engage in economic growth before it pursued a more egalitarian form of socialism, which in turn would lead to a communist society described in Marxist orthodoxy.
The white paper provided a historical review over the design and implementation of One Country, Two Systems (OCTS). While the White Paper itself has no binding legal authority, it is regarded a significant statement of the Central Authorities on the framework of the OCTS policy. [2]
Critical theory is a social, historical, and political school of thought and philosophical perspective which centers on analyzing and challenging systemic power relations in society, arguing that knowledge, truth, and social structures are fundamentally shaped by power dynamics between dominant and oppressed groups. [1]
Systems theory is the transdisciplinary [1] study of systems, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be natural or artificial. Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structure, function and role, and expressed through its relations with other systems.
Peasant Life in China: A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley. Preface by Bronislaw Malinowski. London: G. Routledge and New York: Dutton, 1939, and various reprints and a Japanese translation. Fei and Chang Chih-I [Zhang Zhiyi 张之毅], Earthbound China: A Study of Rural Economy in Yunnan. University of Chicago Press, 1945.
The essential argument of the world-system theory is that in the 16th century a capitalist world economy developed, which could be described as a world system. [56] The following is a theoretical critique concerned with the basic claims of world-system theory: "There are today no socialist systems in the world-economy any more than there are ...