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In FGID there is poor association of pain with GI motility in many functional GI disorders. These patient often have a lower pain threshold with balloon distension of the bowel (visceral hyperalgesia), or they have increased sensitivity even to normal intestinal function; Visceral hypersensitivity may be amplified in patients with FGIDs. [21] [22]
Those with localized disease generally have a normal life expectancy. [7] In those with systemic disease, life expectancy can be affected, and this varies based on subtype. [3] Death is often due to lung, gastrointestinal, or heart complications. [3] About three per 100,000 people per year develop the systemic form. [3]
Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) is a life-threatening complication of systemic sclerosis that may be the initial manifestation of the disease. Renal vascular injury (due in part to collagen deposition) leads to renal ischemia, which results in activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
Some people also experience a sensation known as globus esophagus, where it feels as if a ball is lodged in the lower part of the esophagus. The following are additional diseases and conditions that affect the esophagus: Achalasia [1] Acute esophageal necrosis; Barrett's esophagus; Boerhaave syndrome; Caustic injury to the esophagus; Chagas disease
Visceral pain is pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs). Visceral structures are highly sensitive to distension (stretch), ischemia and inflammation , but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain such as cutting or burning.
Theories include combinations of "gut–brain axis" problems, alterations in gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, infections including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, neurotransmitters, genetic factors, and food sensitivity. [2] Onset may be triggered by a stressful life event, [16] or an intestinal infection. [17]
Plummer–Vinson syndrome (also known as Paterson–Kelly syndrome [1] or Paterson–Brown-Kelly syndrome in the UK [2]) is a rare disease characterized by dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), iron-deficiency anemia, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), cheilosis (cracking at the corners of the mouth), and esophageal webs (thin membranes in the esophagus that can cause obstruction). [1]
The most common side effects include wound complications such as skin reactions at the application site, infections, pruritus (itching), and hypersensitivity. [19] Birch triterpenes was approved for medical use in the European Union in June 2022, [19] and in the United States in December 2023. [21] [22]