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A neck mass or neck lump is an ambiguous mass found in the neck area. There are many different possible causes, [ 1 ] including head and neck cancer [ 2 ] and congenital conditions like branchial anomalies and thyroglossal duct cysts .
Thyroglossal duct cysts most often present with a palpable asymptomatic midline neck mass usually below [65% of the time] the level of the hyoid bone. The mass on the neck moves during swallowing or on protrusion of the tongue because of its attachment to the tongue via the tract of thyroid descent.
The use of the divisions described as the triangles of the neck permit the effective communication of the location of palpable masses located in the neck between healthcare professionals. The common swellings anterior of the midline are: Enlarged submental lymph nodes and sublingual dermoid in the submental region.
Cervical thymic cyst is a very rare pathology that is often incidentally found due to its asymptomatic nature. The patient usually notices a neck mass that grows slowly which triggers them to see a clinician and be admitted to the hospital. [3] However, it can cause symptoms as it grows in size and compresses on other organs.
In adults, healthy lymph nodes can be palpable (able to be felt), in the axilla, neck and groin. [3] In children up to the age of 12 cervical nodes up to 1 cm in size may be palpable and this may not signify any disease. [4] If nodes heal by resolution or scarring after being inflamed, they may remain palpable thereafter. [1]
In oncology, the mass typically refers to a tumor. For example, cancer of the thyroid gland may cause symptoms due to compressions of certain structures of the head and neck; pressure on the laryngeal nerves may cause voice changes, narrowing of the windpipe may cause stridor, pressure on the gullet may cause dysphagia and so on.
The prevalence of cancer is higher in males, patients under 20 years old or over 70 years old, and patients with a history of head and neck irradiation or a family history of thyroid cancer. [ 24 ] Solitary thyroid nodule
Ectopic thymus most often does not cause symptoms. [1] It is most frequently discovered as a soft mass or swelling in the neck of infants and children. [2] However, when symptoms do occur they are most commonly due to compression of nearby structures such as the trachea and esophagus.