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A graph showing variation of quantum efficiency with wavelength of a CCD chip from Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2, formerly installed on the Hubble Space Telescope.. The term quantum efficiency (QE) may apply to incident photon to converted electron (IPCE) ratio [1] of a photosensitive device, or it may refer to the TMR effect of a magnetic tunnel junction.
One of the simplest methods for finding reactivity ratios is plotting the copolymer equation and using nonlinear least squares analysis to find the , pair that gives the best fit curve. This is preferred as methods such as Kelen-Tüdős or Fineman-Ross (see below) that involve linearization of the Mayo–Lewis equation will introduce bias to ...
The Q factor is a parameter that describes the resonance behavior of an underdamped harmonic oscillator (resonator). Sinusoidally driven resonators having higher Q factors resonate with greater amplitudes (at the resonant frequency) but have a smaller range of frequencies around that frequency for which they resonate; the range of frequencies for which the oscillator resonates is called the ...
The ratio estimator is a statistical estimator for the ratio of means of two random variables. Ratio estimates are biased and corrections must be made when they are used in experimental or survey work. The ratio estimates are asymmetrical and symmetrical tests such as the t test should not be used to generate confidence intervals.
The DQE is the ratio of what an image is worth to what it cost in terms of numbers of Poisson-distributed quanta: D Q E = N E Q q {\displaystyle \mathrm {DQE} ={\frac {\mathrm {NEQ} }{q}}} . In this sense the DQE describes how effectively an imaging system captures the information content available in an x-ray image relative to an ideal detector.
Circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) provides a means of studying the fundamental interaction between light and matter (quantum optics). [1] As in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics, a single photon within a single mode cavity coherently couples to a quantum object (atom).
Bader's analysis partitions the charge density in a molecule to "atoms" according to zero-flux surfaces (surfaces across which no electron flow is taking place). [6] Bader's analysis allows many properties such as multipole moments, energies and forces, to be partitioned in a defensible and consistent manner to individual atoms within molecules.
Tobin's q [a] (or the q ratio, and Kaldor's v), is the ratio between a physical asset's market value and its replacement value. It was first introduced by Nicholas Kaldor in 1966 in his paper: Marginal Productivity and the Macro-Economic Theories of Distribution: Comment on Samuelson and Modigliani .