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In hymn 4.4.5, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad describes Atman as Brahman, and associates it with everything one is, everything one can be, one's free will, one's desire, what one does, what one doesn't do, the good in oneself, the bad in oneself. That Atman (self, soul) is indeed Brahman. It [Ātman] is also identified with the intellect, the Manas ...
The concept of Brahman, its nature and its relationship with Atman and the observed universe, is a major point of difference between the various sub-schools of the Vedanta school of Hinduism. Advaita Vedanta
Vaishnava sects maintain that attaining knowledge of Brahman and identification of atman with Brahman is an intermediate stage of self-realization, and only Bhakti Yoga can lead to the next step of Paramatman realization as the indwelling God, ultimately leading up to liberation by God-realization.
According to Gupta, in this approach the relation between Atman and Brahman is "svābhāvika or natural, not brought about by any external agency, and therefore it cannot be dispensed with. An adventitious relation can be finished away by removing the cause or agency which has brought it, but what is inherent or more appropriately natural ...
The real self is Sat, "the Existent," that is, Atman/Brahman. [145] [146] [note 1] Whereas the difference between Atman and non-Atman is deemed self-evident, knowledge of the identity of Atman and Brahman is revealed by the shruti, especially the Upanishadic statement tat tvam asi.
According to Gupta, in this approach the relation between Atman and Brahman is "svābhāvika or natural, not brought about by any external agency, and therefore it cannot be dispensed with. An adventitious relation can be finished away by removing the cause or agency which has brought it, but what is inherent or more appropriately natural ...
This Atman-Brahman lives in the space of one's heart, but a universe is in it, weaving all we experience. [34] The same soul is ever present in all living creatures, and to know this soul through meditation is to become the highest Brahman. [34] [31] This knowledge is liberation, states the Brahma Upanishad. [31]
The inner self discriminates and distinguishes between philosophies such as Nyaya, Mimamsa, Puranas and various Dharmashastras. [10] [11] These abilities, the mind (Manas) and consciousness (Cit) constitute the inner self, defines the Atma Upanishad. [10] [11] [1] The highest Self is the one who is venerated by syllables of the Om, and adored ...