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Micrograph of a clue cell (center), covered in bacteria, as compared to an unremarkable squamous cell at bottom left, and a neutrophil at bottom center. Pap stain Phase contrast microscopy of clue cells in a vaginal swab. Clue cells are epithelial cells of the vagina that get their distinctive stippled appearance by being covered with bacteria ...
ThinPrep pap smear with group of normal cervical cells on left and HPV-infected cells showing features typical of koilocytes: enlarged (x2 or x3) nuclei and hyperchromasia. A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus (HPV). [1]
D. Squamous cell carcinoma, infiltrating the stroma (middle and left in image), and HSIL (right in image) Epithelial dysplasia , a term becoming increasingly referred to as intraepithelial neoplasia , is the sum of various disturbances of epithelial proliferation and differentiation as seen microscopically.
They are classified according to the specific type of epithelial cells that are affected. [ 1 ] The most common epitheliomas are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (skin cancers).
Squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), also known as epidermoid carcinoma, comprises a number of different types of cancer that begin in squamous cells. [1] These cells form on the surface of the skin, on the lining of hollow organs in the body, and on the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts .
In cancer cells, EpCAM is expressed in a dispersed pattern across the cell membrane. [14] However, EpCAM expression in carcinomas is often heterogeneous; some cells in a tumor have more EpCAM than other cells in the same tumor. Squamous carcinomas often express EpCAM whereas normal squamous cells do not express EpCAM.
There is a risk of metastasis starting more than 10 years [citation needed] after diagnosable appearance of squamous-cell carcinoma, but the risk is low, [specify] though much [specify] higher than with basal-cell carcinoma. Squamous-cell cancers of the lip and ears have high rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis. [27]
Tumor cells have the ability to replicate the mechanisms and migration patterns typically seen in normal, non-tumor cells during various physiological processes. Like normal cells, tumor cells can activate these mechanisms to alter their shape, create favorable conditions for movement, and reshape nearby tissues to form pathways for migration.