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Animal echolocation, animals emitting sound and listening to the echo in order to locate objects or navigate; Echo sounding, listening to the echo of sound pulses to measure the distance to the bottom of the sea, a special case of sonar; Gunfire locator; Human echolocation, the use of echolocation by blind people; Human bycatch
However, with training, sighted individuals with normal hearing can learn to avoid obstacles using only sound, showing that echolocation is a general human ability. [9] Lore Thaler led researchers at Durham University to determine if they could teach echolocation to people. Over a ten-week period, they taught it to 12 blind people and 14 others ...
The human auditory system has only limited possibilities to determine the distance of a sound source. In the close-up-range there are some indications for distance determination, such as extreme level differences (e.g. when whispering into one ear) or specific pinna (the visible part of the ear) resonances in the close-up range.
Animal echolocation, non-human animals emitting sound waves and listening to the echo in order to locate objects or navigate. Human echolocation , the use of sound by people to navigate. Sonar ( so und n avigation a nd r anging), the use of sound on water or underwater, to navigate or to locate other watercraft, usually by submarines.
A 2008 US Supreme Court ruling on the use of sonar by the US Navy noted that there had been no cases where sonar had been conclusively shown to have harmed or killed a marine mammal. [79] Some marine animals, such as whales and dolphins, use echolocation systems, sometimes called biosonar to locate predators and prey.
By measuring the difference in time between the pulse being transmitted and the echo being received, it is possible to determine the distance. The measured travel time of Sonar pulses in water is strongly dependent on the temperature and the salinity of the water. Ultrasonic ranging is also applied for measurement in air and for short distances.
Echo sounding or depth sounding is the use of sonar for ranging, normally to determine the depth of water . It involves transmitting acoustic waves into water and recording the time interval between emission and return of a pulse; the resulting time of flight , along with knowledge of the speed of sound in water, allows determining the distance ...
The ICAO defines the International Standard Atmosphere, which is the model of the standard variation of pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with altitude in the Earth's atmosphere, and is used to reduce a station pressure to sea level pressure. Airport observations can be transmitted worldwide through the use of the METAR observing code.