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A non-negative integer is a square number when its square root is again an integer. For example, =, so 9 is a square number. A positive integer that has no square divisors except 1 is called square-free. For a non-negative integer n, the n th square number is n 2, with 0 2 = 0 being the zeroth one. The concept of square can be extended to some ...
The book examines several topics in number theory, among them an inductive method for finding Pythagorean triples based on the sequence of odd integers, the fact that the sum of the first odd integers is , and the solution to the congruum problem. [7]
Another geometric proof proceeds as follows: We start with the figure shown in the first diagram below, a large square with a smaller square removed from it. The side of the entire square is a, and the side of the small removed square is b. The area of the shaded region is . A cut is made, splitting the region into two rectangular pieces, as ...
In this usage the square numbers (4, 9, 16, 25, ...) would not be considered figurate numbers when viewed as arranged in a square. A number of other sources use the term figurate number as synonymous for the polygonal numbers, either just the usual kind or both those and the centered polygonal numbers. [5]
The history includes Hindu–Arabic numerals, letters from the Roman, Greek, Hebrew, and German alphabets, and a variety of symbols invented by mathematicians over the past several centuries. The historical development of mathematical notation can be divided into three stages: [4] [5]
This corresponds to a set of y values whose product is a square number, i.e. one whose factorization has only even exponents. The products of x and y values together form a congruence of squares. This is a classic system of linear equations problem, and can be efficiently solved using Gaussian elimination as soon as the number of rows exceeds ...
The diagonal displays an approximation of the square root of 2 in four sexagesimal figures, 1 24 51 10, which is good to about six decimal digits. 1 + 24/60 + 51/60 2 + 10/60 3 = 1.41421296... The tablet also gives an example where one side of the square is 30, and the resulting diagonal is 42 25 35 or 42.4263888...
All centered square numbers and their divisors have a remainder of 1 when divided by 4. Hence all centered square numbers and their divisors end with digit 1 or 5 in base 6, 8, and 12. Every centered square number except 1 is the hypotenuse of a Pythagorean triple (3-4-5, 5-12-13, 7-24-25, ...). This is exactly the sequence of Pythagorean ...