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The Yale romanization of Mandarin is a system for transcribing the sounds of Standard Chinese, based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. [1] It was devised in 1943 by the Yale sinologist George Kennedy for a course teaching Chinese to American soldiers, and was popularized by continued development of that course at Yale.
[1] The dominant international standard for Standard Mandarin since about 1982 has been Hanyu Pinyin, invented by a group of Chinese linguists, including Zhou Youguang, in the 1950s. Other well-known systems include Wade–Giles (Beijing Mandarin) and Yale romanization (Beijing Mandarin and Cantonese). There are many uses for Chinese romanization.
The Yale romanizations are four romanization systems created at Yale University for the following four East Asian languages: Yale romanization of Mandarin; Yale romanization of Cantonese; Yale romanization of Korean; JSL romanization, a system for the Japanese language which is sometimes called "Yale romanization".
In practice, transcriptions based on both Cantonese and Mandarin pronunciations have been used. [citation needed] In Singapore, transcription standards are established by the Translation Standardisation Committee for the Chinese Media and in 2014 was moved to National Translation Committee (NTC) of the Ministry of Communication and Information.
Yale Guangdong Romanization Sidney Lau íː i1 i 1: ī i 1: i 1˚ îː i1 i 1: ì i 1: i 1: ǐː i2 i 2: í i 2: i 2: īː i3 i 3: i i 3: i 3: i̭ː i4 i 4: ìh i 4: i 4: i̬ː i5 i 5: íh i 5: i 5: ìː i6 i 6: ih i 6: i 6: ɪ́k̚ ik1 ik 7: īk ig 1: ik 1: ɪ̄k̚ ik3 ik 8: ik ig 3: ik 3: ɪ̀k̚ ik6 ik 9: ihk ig 6: ik 6
官話字母; Guānhuà zìmǔ, developed by Wang Zhao (1859–1933), was the first alphabetic writing system for Chinese developed by a Chinese person. This system was modeled on Japanese katakana, which he learned during a two-year stay in Japan, and consisted of letters that were based on components of Chinese characters.
This is a unified template for displaying various varieties of Chinese, in various orthographies.It can display (and link to): both simplified and traditional Chinese characters; literal translation; Zhuyin (Bopomofo); the Hanyu Pinyin, Tongyong Pinyin, and Wade–Giles romanizations of Mandarin; the Jyutping, Yale, and Sidney Lau romanizations of Cantonese; and the Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Tâi-lô ...
The Jyutping system [1] departs from all previous Cantonese romanisation systems (approximately 12, including Robert Morrison's pioneering work of 1828, and the widely used Standard Romanization, Yale and Sidney Lau systems) by introducing z and c initials and the use of eo and oe in finals, as well as replacing the initial y, used in all previous systems, with j.