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In 2009, the Food and Agriculture Organization projected that global food production must increase by 70% by 2050 to feed an estimated world population of 9 billion people. [9] Meeting the demands of 2050 is further challenged by shrinking arable land , decreasing natural resources , and climate change .
The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the carbon and energy from plants is passed through a food chain. The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five-carbon sugar , ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate , to yield two molecules of a three-carbon compound, glycerate 3-phosphate ...
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [note 1] (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security.
A germination rate experiment. Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. [1]Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed ...
An example of a topological food web (image courtesy of USDA) [1] The soil food web is the community of organisms living all or part of their lives in the soil. It describes a complex living system in the soil and how it interacts with the environment, plants, and animals. Food webs describe the transfer of energy between species in an ecosystem.
Herbivores tend to select nutritious plants while avoiding plants with structural defense mechanisms. [22] Like support structures, defense structures are composed of nutrient poor, high carbon cellulose. [27] Access to nutritious food sources enhances herbivore metabolism and energy demands, leading to greater removal of primary producers. [14]
Plants require specific temperatures to grow and develop properly. Temperature can be controlled through a variety of methods. Covering plants with plastic in the form of cones called hot caps, or tunnels, can help to manipulate the surrounding temperature. Mulching is also an effective method to protect outdoor plants from frost during the winter.
The convention defines both how the organization must be governed and run, and the basic concepts of plant variety protection that must be included in the domestic laws of the members of the union. These concepts include: [19] The criteria for new varieties to be protected: novelty, distinctness, uniformity, and stability.